Machine Design
In the calculation of induced shear stress in helical springs, the Wahl's stress factor is used to take care of

Combined effect of transverse shear stress and bending stress in the wire
Combined effect of torsional shear stress and transverse shear stress in the wire
Combined effect of bending stress and curvature of the wire
Combined effect of transverse shear stress and curvature of wire

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Machine Design
Elastic nut is a locking device in which

A slot is cut partly in middle of nut and then slot reduced by tightening a screw
One small nut is tightened over main nut and main nut tightened against smaller one by loosening, creating friction jamming
Hard fibre or nylon cotter is recessed in the nut and becomes threaded as the nut is stewed on the bolt causing a tight grip
Through slots are made at top and a cotter pin is passed through these and a hole in the bolt, and cotter pin splitted and bent in reverse direction at other end

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Machine Design
For unequal width of butt straps, the thicknesses of butt straps are

0.75 t for both the straps on the inside and outside
0.75 t for narrow strap on the inside and 0.625 t for wide strap on the outside
0.75 t for wide strap on the inside and 0.625 t for narrow strap on the outside
0.625 t for both the straps on the inside and outside

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