Machine Design
In the calculation of induced shear stress in helical springs, the Wahl's stress factor is used to take care of

Combined effect of transverse shear stress and bending stress in the wire
Combined effect of bending stress and curvature of the wire
Combined effect of transverse shear stress and curvature of wire
Combined effect of torsional shear stress and transverse shear stress in the wire

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Machine Design
The effective stress in wire ropes during normal working is equal to the stress due to

Acceleration/retardation of masses plus stress due to bending
Axial load plus stress due to acceleration/retardation
Bending plus stress due to acceleration/retardation
Axial load plus stress due to bending

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