Machine Design
In the calculation of induced shear stress in helical springs, the Wahl's stress factor is used to take care of

Combined effect of torsional shear stress and transverse shear stress in the wire
Combined effect of bending stress and curvature of the wire
Combined effect of transverse shear stress and curvature of wire
Combined effect of transverse shear stress and bending stress in the wire

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Machine Design
Plastic flow in ductile materials

Increases the seriousness of static loading stress concentration
Depends on other considerations
Has no effect on it
Lessens the seriousness of static loading stress concentration

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Machine Design
According to I.B.R., when the thickness of the boiler shell (t) is less than 8 mm, then the diameter of the rivet hole (d) is obtained by

Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the shearing resistance of the rivets
Equating shearing resistance to the crushing resistance of the rivets
None of these
Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the crushing resistance of the rivets

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