Electrical Machines
The damper windings also called the squirrel cage windings or damper grids

  consists of short-circuited copper bars embedded in the field pole faces.
  both (A) and (B).
  are provided in a synchronous motor to make it self starting.
  are provided on the stator for improving power factor.

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Electrical Machines
Flashing the field of DC generator means

  neutralising residual magnetism.
  creating residual magnetism by a DC source.
 increasing flux density by adding extra turns of winding.
  making the magnetic losses forces parallel.

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