Theory of Machine
In locomotives, the ratio of the connecting rod length to me crank radius is kept very large in order to

Minimize the effect of primary forces
To start the locomotive quickly
Have perfect balancing
Minimize the effect of secondary forces

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Theory of Machine
In the below figure, PC is the connecting rod and OC is the crank making an angle θ with the line of stroke PO and rotates with uniform angular velocity at ω rad/s. The Klien's acceleration diagram for determining the acceleration of the piston P is shown by quadrilateral CQNO, if N coincides with O, then

Acceleration and velocity of the piston P is maximum
Acceleration of the piston P is zero and its velocity is maximum
Acceleration and velocity of the piston P is zero
Acceleration of the piston P is maximum and its velocity is zero

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Theory of Machine
Two heavy rotating masses are connected by shafts of lengths l₁, l₂ and l₃ and the corresponding diameters are d₁, d₂ and d₃. This system is reduced to a torsionally equivalent system having uniform diameter d = d₁ of the shaft. The equivalent length of the shaft is

l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)⁴ + l₃.(d₁/d₃)⁴
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)³ + l₂.(d₁/d₃)³
(l₁ + l₂ + l₃)/3
l₁ + l₂ + l₃

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