Airport Engineering
In Instrumental landing system, the middle markers are located

At the runway threshold
About 1 km. ahead of the runway threshold
Along the extended centre line of runway end
About 7 km. ahead of the runway threshold

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Airport Engineering
Effective length of a runway is the distance between

Ends of the runway
Point of intersection of the obstruction clearance line and the extended plane of the runway surface, and the other end of the runway
Point of intersection of the glide path and the extended plane of the runway surface and the other end of the runway
Ends of the clear way on either side

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