Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
The bypass factor (B. P. F.) in case of sensible heating of air is (Where td₁ = Dry bulb temperature of air entering the heating coil, td₂ = Dry bulb temperature of air leaving the heating coil, and td₃ = Dry bulb temperature of heating coil)

(td₃ - td₁)/(td₂ - td₃)
(td₃ - td₂)/(td₃ - td₁)
(td₃ - td₁)/(td₃ - td₂)
(td₂ - td₃)/(td₃ - td₁)

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Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
A one tonne refrigerating machine means that

One tonne of ice when melts from and at 0° C in 24 hours, the refrigeration effect is equivalent to 210 kJ/min
One tonne is the total mass of machine
One tonne of water can be converted into ice
One tonne refrigerant is used

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