Theory of Machine
In a Hartnell governor, the lift of the sleeve is given by (where r₁ and r₂ = Max. and min. radii of rotation, x = Length of ball arm of the lever, and y = Length of sleeve arm of the lever)

(r₁ + r₂) (y/x)
(r₁ - r₂) (y/x)
(r₁ - r₂) (x/y)
(r₁ + r₂) (x/y)

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Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, one method of obtaining the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve is by increasing the angle of advance of the eccentric while the throw of the eccentric, steam lap and exhaust lap are kept constant. This method will

Reduce maximum opening of port to steam
All of these
Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam
Reduce length of effective stroke of piston

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