Manufacturing And Production Technology
In a gating system, the ratio 1: 2: 4 represents

Pouring basin area: ingate area: runner area
Sprue base area: ingate area: casting area
Sprue base area: runner area: ingate area
Runner area: ingate area: casting area

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Manufacturing And Production Technology
In plunge grinding

The work rotates in a fixed position as the wheel feeds to produce cylinders equal to or shorter than the width of wheel face
The work rotates in a fixed position as the wheel feeds to produce cylinders longer than the width of wheel face
The work is reciprocated as the wheel feeds to produce cylinders shorter than the width of wheel face
The work is reciprocated as the wheel feeds to produce cylinders longer than the width of wheel face

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Manufacturing And Production Technology
In ultrasonic machining, the metal is removed by

Direct contact of tool with the work
Using abrasive slurry between the tool and work
Maintaining an electrolyte between the work and tool in a very small gap between the two
Erosion caused by rapidly recurring spark discharges between the tool and work

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