Internal Combustion Engines
In a four stroke cycle petrol engine, the expansion

Starts at 30° before top dead center and ends at 50° before bottom dead center
May start and end anywhere
Starts at 30° after top dead center and ends at 50° after bottom dead center
Starts at top dead center and ends at bottom dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
Which one of the following event would reduce volumetric efficiency of a vertical compression ignition engine?

Inlet valve opening before top dead center
Inlet valve closing before bottom dead center
Inlet valve closing after bottom dead center
Exhaust valve closing after top dead center

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