Electrical Machines
In a dc generator operating on load with its brushes on the geometrical neutral axis (GNA), the magnetic neutral axis (MNA) is shifted in the direction of rotation. Now, if the brushes are given a lead of 90° (electrical), then the MNA will

 coincide with the GNA
 shift forward by 90°
 shift forward by more than 90°
 shift forward by less than 90°

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Electrical Machines
A bipolar dc machine with interpoles has a main-pole flux of ф per pole and an interpole flux of Фᵢ per pole. The yoke of the machine is devide into four quadrants by the main-pole axis and The commutation axis. The flux-distribution in the quadrants will be

 ½ ( ф + фᵢ ) in two adjacent quadrants and ½ ( ф - фᵢ ) in the remaining two quadrants
 ½ ( ф + фᵢ ) in all the four quadrants
 ½ ( ф - фᵢ ) in all the four quadrants
 ½ ( ф + фᵢ ) in two diametrically opposite quadrants and ½ ( ф - фᵢ ) in the remaining two Quadrants

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