Electrical Machines
In a dc generator operating on load with its brushes on the geometrical neutral axis (GNA), the magnetic neutral axis (MNA) is shifted in the direction of rotation. Now, if the brushes are given a lead of 90° (electrical), then the MNA will

 coincide with the GNA
 shift forward by more than 90°
 shift forward by less than 90°
 shift forward by 90°

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Electrical Machines
In DC machines, the interpoles are provided

  to make commutation spark less.
 to counteract the reactance voltage and the cross-magnetizi
  both (B) and (C).
 to counteract demagnetizing effect of armature mmf in commutating zone.

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