Mass Transfer
In a counter-current liquid extractor

Only one of the liquids may be pumped at any desired rate
Both liquids can have any desired flow rate
Liquid's flow rate depends upon the temperature and pressure
Both liquids flow at fixed rate

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Mass Transfer
A distillation column with N plates is being operated under normal conditions. At some point of time, the operation is shifted to total reflux condition (i.e., no product and residue are being withdrawn and feed to the column is stopped). At the new steady state,

Reboiler load and condenser load are minimum
The top and bottom compositions are unchanged with and without total reflux
Composition of vapors and that of liquid do not vary throughout the column
The top and bottom compositions correspond to the maximum enrichment available

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Mass Transfer
When the solvent dissolves very little of solute, then

Solvent of low freezing point should be used
Very small quantity of solvent is required
Large quantity of solvent is required to extract the solute
Solvent of low latent heat of vaporisation should be used

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