Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Impulse turbine is generally fitted

Slightly below the tail race
Little above the tail race
At the level of tail race
About 2.5 m above the tail race to avoid cavitations

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The purpose of a surge tank is

To regulate flow of water to turbines by providing necessary retarding head of water
To control the pressure variations due to rapid changes in the pipe line flow
To eliminate water hammer possibilities
All of these

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Mach number is significant in

simultaneous motion through two fluids where there is a surface of dis-continuity, gravity force, and wave making effects, as with ship’s hulls
full immersion or completely enclosed flow, as with pipes, aircraft wings, nozzles etc
all of fhe above
supersonics, as with projectiles and jet propulsion

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