Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Impulse turbine is generally fitted

Slightly below the tail race
About 2.5 m above the tail race to avoid cavitations
Little above the tail race
At the level of tail race

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hammer blow in pipes occurs when

There is excessive leakage in the pipe
The flow of fluid through the pipe is gradually brought to rest by closing of the valve
The pipe bursts under high pressure of fluid
The flow of fluid through the pipe is suddenly brought to rest by closing of the valve

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