Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Impulse turbine is generally fitted

Little above the tail race
About 2.5 m above the tail race to avoid cavitations
Slightly below the tail race
At the level of tail race

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The depth of centre of pressure (h) for a vertically immersed surface from the liquid surface is given by (where IG = Moment of inertia of the immersed surface about horizontal axis through its centre of gravity, A = Area of immersed surface, and x = Depth of centre of gravity of the immersed surface from the liquid surface)

(Ax̅/IG) + x̅
(IG/Ax̅) + x̅
(IG/x̅) - Ax̅
(IG/Ax̅) - x̅

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