Surveying
If the horizontal distance between the staff point and the point of observation is d, then the error due to curvature of earth is proportional to

d2
1/d2
d
1/d

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Surveying
Systematic errors

Are also known as cumulative errors
Can be removed by applying corrections to the observed values
Always follow some definite mathematical law
All listed here

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Surveying
If altitude bubble is provided both on index frame as well as on telescope of a theodolite, then the instrument is levelled with reference toi) altitude bubble on index frameii) altitude bubble on index frame if it is to be used as a leveliii) altitude bubble on telescopeiv) altitude bubble on telescope if it is to be used as a level The correct answer is

both (ii) and (iii)
only (i)
only (iii)
both (i) and (iv)

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Surveying
If the lower clamp screw is tightened and upper clamp screw is loosened, the theodolite may be rotated

on its inner spindle with a relative motion between the vernier and the graduated scale of lower plate
on its inner spindle without a relative motion between the vernier and the graduated scale of lower plate
on its outer spindle with a relative motion between the vernier and graduated scale of lower plate
on its outer spindle without a relative motion between the vernier and gra-duated scale of lower plate

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