Surveying
If the horizontal distance between the staff point and the point of observation is d, then the error due to curvature of earth is proportional to

1/d2
1/d
d2
d

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Surveying
The length of a chain is measured from

inside of one handle to inside of other handle
centre of one handle to centre of other handle
outside of one handle to inside of other handle
outside of one handle to outside of other handle

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