Surveying
If the horizontal distance between the staff point and the point of observation is d, then the error due to curvature of earth is proportional to

d2
1/d2
d
1/d

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Surveying
Normal tension is that pull which

makes the correction due to pull equal to zero
is used at the time of standardising the tape
neutralizes the effect due to pull and sag
makes the correction due to sag equal to zero

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