Surveying
If θ and δ be the latitude of a place and declination of a star respectively, the upper culmination of the star will be north of zenith if its zenith distance, is

(θ + δ)/2
θ - δ
δ - θ
θ + δ

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Surveying
A ’level line’ is a

line parallel to the mean spheriodal surface of earth
line passing through the objective lens and the eye-piece of a dumpy or tilting level
line passing through the center of cross hairs and the center of eye piece
horizontal line

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