Surveying
If θ and δ be the latitude of a place and declination of a star respectively, the upper culmination of the star will be north of zenith if its zenith distance, is

θ + δ
(θ + δ)/2
δ - θ
θ - δ

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Surveying
The difference between a level line and a horizontal line is that

horizontal line is normal to plumb line while level line may not be normal to the plumb line
level line is a curved line while hori-zontal line is a straight line
both are same
level line is normal to plumb line while horizontal line may not be normal to plumb line at the tangent point to level line

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Surveying
The length of a chain is measured from

outside of one handle to inside of other handle
inside of one handle to inside of other handle
centre of one handle to centre of other handle
outside of one handle to outside of other handle

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