Surveying
If θ and δ be the latitude of a place and declination of a star respectively, the upper culmination of the star will be north of zenith if its zenith distance, is

θ - δ
(θ + δ)/2
δ - θ
θ + δ

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Surveying
Dumpy level is most suitable when

All of these
many readings are to be taken from a single setting of the instrument
fly levelling is being done over long distance
the instrument is to be shifted frequently

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Surveying
The difference between a level line and a horizontal line is that

level line is a curved line while hori-zontal line is a straight line
both are same
horizontal line is normal to plumb line while level line may not be normal to the plumb line
level line is normal to plumb line while horizontal line may not be normal to plumb line at the tangent point to level line

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