Surveying
If θ and δ be the latitude of a place and declination of a star respectively, the upper culmination of the star will be north of zenith if its zenith distance, is

(θ + δ)/2
θ + δ
θ - δ
δ - θ

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Surveying
Bowditch rule is applied to

determine the effect of local attraction
None of these
a closed traverse for adjustment of closing error
an open traverse for graphical adjustment

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