Surveying
The correction applied to the measured base of length ‘L’ is

Sag = L³w²/24P² where w is the weight of tape/m
Slope = (h²/2L) + (h⁴/8L³) where h is height difference of end supports
Tension = (P - Ps)L/AE
All of these

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Surveying
Systematic errors

Can be removed by applying corrections to the observed values
Are also known as cumulative errors
All listed here
Always follow some definite mathematical law

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