RCC Structures Design
If p₁ and p₂ are effective lateral loadings at the bottom and top exerted by a level earth subjected to a super-load on the vertical face of height h of a retaining wall, the horizontal pressure p per unit length of the wall, is

[(p₁ - p₂)/2] h
[(p₁ + p₂)/2] h
[(p₁ + p₂)/4] h
(p₁ - p₂) ⅔h

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RCC Structures Design
In a singly reinforced beam

Compression is borne entirely by concrete
Plane sections transverse to the centre line of the beam before bending remain plane after bending
Elastic moduli for concrete and steel have different values within the limits of deformation of the beam
Steel possesses initial stresses when embedded in concrete

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