RCC Structures Design
If p₁ and p₂ are effective lateral loadings at the bottom and top exerted by a level earth subjected to a super-load on the vertical face of height h of a retaining wall, the horizontal pressure p per unit length of the wall, is

[(p₁ + p₂)/4] h
[(p₁ - p₂)/2] h
(p₁ - p₂) ⅔h
[(p₁ + p₂)/2] h

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RCC Structures Design
If p₁ and p₂ are mutually perpendicular principal stresses acting on a soil mass, the normal stress on any plane inclined at angle θ° to the principal plane carrying the principal stress p₁, is:

[(p₁ + p₂)/2] + [(p₁ - p₂)/2] cos 2θ
[(p₁ - p₂)/2] + [(p₁ + p₂)/2] cos 2θ
[(p₁ - p₂)/2] + [(p₁ + p₂)/2] sin 2θ
[(p₁ + p₂)/2] + [(p₁ - p₂)/2] sin 2θ

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