RCC Structures Design
If A is the area of the foundation of a retaining wall carrying a load W and retaining earth of weight 'w' per unit volume, the minimum depth (h) of the foundation from the free surface of the earth, is

h = (W/Aw) [(1 + sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]
h = (W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]
h = (W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]²
h = √(W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]²

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RCC Structures Design
If the depth of actual neutral axis of a doubly reinforced beam

Is less than the depth of critical neutral axis, the steel in the tensile zone attains its maximum stress earlier
Is equal to the depth of critical neutral axis; the concrete and steel attain their maximum stresses simultaneously
Is greater than the depth of critical neutral axis, the concrete attains its maximum stress earlier
All listed here

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RCC Structures Design
If the length of a combined footing for two columns l meters apart is L and the projection on the left side of the exterior column is x, then the projection y on the right side of the exterior column, in order to have a uniformly distributed load, is (where x̅ is the distance of centre of gravity of column loads).

y = L - (l - x̅)
y = L/2 - (l + x̅)
y = L/2 + (l - x̅)
y = L/2 - (l - x̅)

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