RCC Structures Design
If A is the area of the foundation of a retaining wall carrying a load W and retaining earth of weight 'w' per unit volume, the minimum depth (h) of the foundation from the free surface of the earth, is

h = (W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]
h = (W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]²
h = (W/Aw) [(1 + sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]
h = √(W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]²

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RCC Structures Design
In a singly reinforced beam

Compression is borne entirely by concrete
Steel possesses initial stresses when embedded in concrete
Elastic moduli for concrete and steel have different values within the limits of deformation of the beam
Plane sections transverse to the centre line of the beam before bending remain plane after bending

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RCC Structures Design
An R.C.C. lintel is spanning an opening of 2 m span in a brick wall. The height of the roof is 2.9 m above the floor level and that of the opening is 2.1 m above the floor level. The lintel is to be designed for self weight plus

Triangular load + load from the roof
UDL of wall
Triangular load of the wall
UDL of wall + load from the roof

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