RCC Structures Design
Total pressure on the vertical face of a retaining wall of height ‘h’ per unit run exerted by the retained earth weighing ‘w’ per unit volume, is

wh² [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]
wh² [(1 - sin φ)/2(1 + sin φ)]
wh² [(1 - sin φ)/3(1 + sin φ)]
wh [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]

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RCC Structures Design
Steel beam theory is used for

Doubly reinforced beams ignoring compressive stress in concrete
Design of simple steel beams
Beams if shear exceeds 4 times allowable shear stress
Steel beams encased in concrete

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