RCC Structures Design
Total pressure on the vertical face of a retaining wall of height ‘h’ per unit run exerted by the retained earth weighing ‘w’ per unit volume, is

wh [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]
wh² [(1 - sin φ)/3(1 + sin φ)]
wh² [(1 - sin φ)/2(1 + sin φ)]
wh² [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]

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RCC Structures Design
According to load factor method, the permissible load ‘W’ on a short column reinforced with longitudinal bars and lateral stirrups, is

Stress in concrete × area of concrete + Stress in steel × area of steel
Stress in steel × area of steel
Stress in concrete × area of concrete
None of these

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