Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Hydraulic accumulator is used for

Supplying energy when main supply fails
Generally high pressures to operate hydraulic machines
Accumulating oil
Supplying large quantities of oil for very short duration

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hydraulic efficiency of a reaction turbine, is the ratio of

Actual work available at the turbine to energy imparted to the wheel
Work-done on the wheel to the energy (or head of water) actually supplied to the turbine
Power produced by the turbine to the energy actually supplied by the turbine
None of these

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a wholly drowned orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of water (on the upstream side) above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of water (on the downstream side) above the bottom of the orifice, and H = Difference between two water levels on either side of the orifice)

Q = Cd × bH × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH2 × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × b (H2 - H1) × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH₁ × √(2gh)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a channel of trapezoidal section is maximum when

The sloping side is equal to half the width at the top
The sloping side is equal to the width at the bottom
Depth of channel is equal to the width at the bottom
Width of channel at the top is equal to twice the width at the bottom

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