Process Equipment and Plant Design
Heat transfer co-efficient, hG(Kcal/hr.m² .°C) and mass velocity of air, G (kg/hr.m² ) for air flow parallel to the surface in case of constant drying rate in batch drying is related as hG = 0.0176G0.8. But when the flow of air perpendicular to the surface is encountered, this equation changes to

0.0176G1.37
1.004G0.8
HG = 1.004G0.37
HG = 0.0176G0.37

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Bubble cap tray is the most commonly used tray in large distillation column, because

Of its flexibility and nearly constant efficiency under varying conditions of operation
It eliminates the foaming and entrain-ment tendency during operation
None of these
It incurs less pressure drop as compared to any other try designed for the same duty

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Overall distillation column efficiency for most of the refinery columns can be given by (for μ = 0.07 - 1.4 cp and relative volatility < 4) (where η = overall column efficiency, % μ = molal average viscosity of feed at average column temperature and pressure, cp Δp = pressure drop per tray, psi)

Η = 17 - 61.1 log μ
Η = 0.25 log μ - 1.67
Η = 1.66 - 0.25 log μ
Η = 24.6 (Δp/μ)

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