Theory of Machine
Hammer blow

Is the maximum vertical unbalanced force caused by the mass added to balance the reciprocating masses
Varies inversely with the square of the speed
Varies as the square root of the speed
Is the maximum horizontal unbalanced force caused by the mass provided to balance the reciprocating masses.

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Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, one method of obtaining the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve is by increasing the angle of advance of the eccentric while the throw of the eccentric, steam lap and exhaust lap are kept constant. This method will

Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
All of these
Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam
Reduce maximum opening of port to steam

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