Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Francis turbine is best suited for

High head installation above 180 m
Medium head application from 24 to 180 m
All types of heads
Low head installation up to 30 m

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hammer blow in pipes occurs when

There is excessive leakage in the pipe
The pipe bursts under high pressure of fluid
The flow of fluid through the pipe is gradually brought to rest by closing of the valve
The flow of fluid through the pipe is suddenly brought to rest by closing of the valve

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Manometric head, in case of a centrifugal pump, is equal to

Suction lift + Loss of head in suction pipe due to friction + Delivery lift + Loss of head in delivery pipe due to friction + Velocity head in the delivery pipe
Energy per kN at outlet of impeller Energy per kN at inlet of impeller
Work-done per kN of water Losses within the impeller
All of these

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