Mass Transfer
For water-ethanol system, the minimum reflux ratio

Is computed from the slope of the upper operating line that is tangent to the equilibrium curve
Cannot be computed
Is the optimum reflux ratio
Is computed from the intercept of the operating line

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Mass Transfer
Blowdown in a cooling tower

All of these
Is undesirable
Increases the scale forming tendencies of water
Means discarding a small fraction of circulating water to prevent and limit the concentration of salt and impurities

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