Mass Transfer
Flooding results in

Good contact between the fluids
Low tray efficiency
High gas velocity
High tray efficiency

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Mass Transfer
McCabe-Thiele method

Is more accurate than Ponchan-Savarit method
Uses weight fractions to express liquid and vapour composition
Uses molal units for material and energy balance
Can use any type of units

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Mass Transfer
Channelling is most severe

In towers packed randomly with crushed solids
At very high liquid flow rate
In dumped packing of regular units
In towers packed with stacked packing

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