Mass Transfer
Flooding results in

High tray efficiency
Good contact between the fluids
High gas velocity
Low tray efficiency

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Mass Transfer
For water-ethanol system, the minimum reflux ratio

Is computed from the intercept of the operating line
Is the optimum reflux ratio
Cannot be computed
Is computed from the slope of the upper operating line that is tangent to the equilibrium curve

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Mass Transfer
Solvent extraction is the terminology applied to the liquid-liquid extraction, which is preferred for the separation of the components of liquids, when

Viscosity of liquid components is very high
One of the liquid components is heat sensitive
One of the liquid components has very high affinity towards the solvent
Extracting solvent is cheaply & abundantly available

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