Mass Transfer
Channelling is most severe

At very high liquid flow rate
In dumped packing of regular units
In towers packed with stacked packing
In towers packed randomly with crushed solids

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Mass Transfer
In an operating distillation column, the

Vapors and liquids are at their dew point and bubble point respectively
Highest temperature is encountered at the top of the column
Driving force for the liquid flow is its specific weight
Driving force for the vapor flow is the pressure drop, as the pressure decreases gradually from the bottom to the top of the column

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