Process Equipment and Plant Design
For turbulent flow (NRe > 2100) of low viscosity fluid (μ > 20cp) in steel pipes, the optimum inside pipe diameter is given by(where, Q = fluid flow rate, ft³/sec.ρ = fluid density, lb/ft³ μ = fluid viscosity, centipoise Di = optimum inside pipe diameter, inches)

Di, opt = 3.9 Q0.45 ρ0.13
Di, opt = 4.7 Q0.36 . μ3.2ρ0.13
Di, opt = 3.9 Q0.45 . μ0.95
Di, opt = 3 Q0.36 . μ0.88

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
For a cylindrical shell, (subject to the thickness of uppermost course being more than the minimum for diaofthe tank in question), the thickness of the courses of shell

Increases upwards
Remains same throughout
May decrease or increase upwards depending upon whether vacuum or positive pressure would be maintained inside the shell
Decreases upwards

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Seamless pipe is made

By extrusion & casting into static and centrifugal molds
From rolled strips formed into cylinders and seam-welded
Both B and C
By forging a solid round, piercing it by simultaneously rotating & forcing it over a piercer point and further reducing it by rolling gas drawing

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
A certain pressure vessel manufacturer avoids doing reinforcements calculations for openings by always providing a reinforcing pad extending upto double the diameter of the opening and of the same material and thickness as that of the shell wall. If area compensation is accepted as a code guideline, his approach leads to safe design

Only if the opening is on a horizontal cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on a vertical cylinderical vessel
Only if the opening is on spherical vessel
Irrespective of the shape of the vessel

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