Machine Design
The angle of twist of shaft is

Inversely proportional to (shaft diameter)²
Directly proportional to (shaft diameter)²
Inversely proportional to (shaft diameter)⁴
Directly proportional to (shaft diameter)⁴

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Machine Design
A stud

Has head at one end and other end fits into a tapped hole in the other part to be joined
Has both the ends threaded
Has pointed threads
Has a head on one end and a nut fitted to the other

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