Theory of Machine
The secondary unbalanced force due to inertia of reciprocating parts in a reciprocating engine is given by (where m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, θ = Angle of inclination of crank with the line of stroke, and n = Ratio of the length of connecting rod to radius of crank)

m.ω².r cosθ
m.ω².r sinθ
m.ω².r (cos 2θ/n)
m.ω².r (sin 2θ/n)

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Theory of Machine
Sensitiveness of the governor is defined as the ratio of the

Sum of the maximum and minimum equilibrium speeds to the mean speed
Difference of the maximum and minimum equilibrium speeds to the mean speed
Mean speed to the minimum equilibrium speed
Mean speed to the maximum equilibrium speed

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Theory of Machine
Higher pairs are those which have

Surface contact between the two elements when in motion
Two elements that permit relative motion
Elements of pairs not held together mechanically
Point or line contact between the two elements when in motion

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