Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Slip of a reciprocating pump is negative, when

Delivery pipe is long and pump is running at high speeds
Suction pipe is long and delivery pipe is short and the pump is running at high speeds
Suction pipe is short and pump is running at low speeds
Suction pipe is short and delivery pipe is long and the pump is running at low speeds

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a large rectangular orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of the liquid above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of the liquid above the bottom of the orifice, b = Breadth of the orifice, and Cd = Coefficient of discharge)

Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H22 - H12)
Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H23/2 - H13/2)
Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H2 - H1)
Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H21/2 - H11/2)

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