Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The total energy of each particle at various places in the case of perfect incompressible fluid flowing in continuous stream

Keeps on increasing
Remain constant
May increase/decrease
Keeps on decreasing

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Buoyant force is

The resultant force on a body due to the fluid surrounding it
Equal to the volume of liquid displaced
The resultant force acting on a floating body
The force necessary to maintain equilibrium of a submerged body

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a wholly drowned orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of water (on the upstream side) above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of water (on the downstream side) above the bottom of the orifice, and H = Difference between two water levels on either side of the orifice)

Q = Cd × bH2 × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × b (H2 - H1) × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH₁ × √(2gh)

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