Theory of Machine
Critical damping is a function of

Mass and natural frequency
Mass and damping coefficient
Mass and stiffness
Damping coefficient and natural frequency

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Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, one method of obtaining the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve is by increasing the angle of advance of the eccentric while the throw of the eccentric, steam lap and exhaust lap are kept constant. This method will

Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam
Reduce maximum opening of port to steam
All of these
Reduce length of effective stroke of piston

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