Measurement and Instrumentation
Alternating current is measured by

Induction ammeter
Moving iron repulsion type voltmeter
Permanent magnet type ammeter
Electrostatic ammeter

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Measurement and Instrumentation
In DC potentiometer measurments, a second reading is often taken after reversing the polarities of the DC supply and the unknown voltage and the average of the two reading is taken. This is with a view of eliminate the effects of

 Ripples of the DC supply.
  Stray thermal emfs.
 Stray magnetic fields.
 Errorneous standardisation.

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Measurement and Instrumentation
In AC circuits, the connection of measuring instruments cause loading effect errors which may effect

 both of above.
 only phase of the quantity being measured.
 magnitude, phase and waveform of the quantity being measured.
 only the magnitude of the quantity being measured.

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