Measurement and Instrumentation
In DC potentiometer measurments, a second reading is often taken after reversing the polarities of the DC supply and the unknown voltage and the average of the two reading is taken. This is with a view of eliminate the effects of

 Ripples of the DC supply.
 Errorneous standardisation.
 Stray magnetic fields.
  Stray thermal emfs.

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Measurement and Instrumentation
In measurement system, the function of the signal manipulating elements is to

 to perform non liner operation like clipping filtering, chopping and clamping.
 to perform linear operation like addition and multiplication.
 change the quantity under measurement to an analogues signal.
 change the magnitude of the input signal while retaining its identity.

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Measurement and Instrumentation
In AC circuits, the connection of measuring instruments cause loading effect errors which may effect

 only phase of the quantity being measured.
 only the magnitude of the quantity being measured.
 both of above.
 magnitude, phase and waveform of the quantity being measured.

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