Mass Transfer
Use of raschig rings in place of crushed stones as packing in packed beds (other things being same)

Decreases pressure drop, decreases surface area
Increases pressure drop, decreases surface area
Increases pressure drop, increases surface area
Decreases pressure drop, increases surface area

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Mass Transfer
In saturated gas, the

Vapour is in equilibrium with the liquid at the gas temperature
Vapour is in equilibrium with the liquid at the room temperature
Partial pressure of vapour equals the vapour pressure of the liquid at room temperature
None of the listed here

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Mass Transfer
Inside the distillation column, the

Pressure increases gradually from bottom to the top of the column
Driving force for the vapour flow is the pressure drop
Liquids are not always at their bubble points
None of these

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Mass Transfer
A distillation column with N plates is being operated under normal conditions. At some point of time, the operation is shifted to total reflux condition (i.e., no product and residue are being withdrawn and feed to the column is stopped). At the new steady state,

The top and bottom compositions correspond to the maximum enrichment available
The top and bottom compositions are unchanged with and without total reflux
Reboiler load and condenser load are minimum
Composition of vapors and that of liquid do not vary throughout the column

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