Concrete Technology and Design of Concrete Structures
According to IS: 456-1978, the column or the strut is the member whose effective length is greater than

2 times the least lateral dimension
4 times the least lateral dimension
The least lateral dimension
3 times the least lateral dimension

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Concrete Technology and Design of Concrete Structures
The critical section for finding maximum bending moment for footing under masonry wall is located

halfway between the middle and edge of the wall
at the edge of the wall
at a distance equal to effective depth of footing from the edge of the wall
at the middle of the wall

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