Concrete Technology and Design of Concrete Structures
According to IS: 456-1978, the column or the strut is the member whose effective length is greater than

The least lateral dimension
4 times the least lateral dimension
2 times the least lateral dimension
3 times the least lateral dimension

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Concrete Technology and Design of Concrete Structures
The critical section for finding maximum bending moment for footing under masonry wall is located

at the middle of the wall
at a distance equal to effective depth of footing from the edge of the wall
at the edge of the wall
halfway between the middle and edge of the wall

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