Electrical Machines
A self-excited shunt generator fails to build up, because 1. the field circuit is open 2. The armature circuit is open 3. the residual magnetism is absent 4. The direction of rotation is wrong From these, the correct answer is

 1, 2 and 3
 1, 2, 3 and 4
 3 only
 1, 3

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Electrical Machines
Armature reaction in a DC machine

  makes an angle of 90° with the main pole axis.
 is in direct opposition to the main poles.
 makes an angle with the main pole axis which is load dependent.
 is in the same direction as the main poles.

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