Electrical Machines
A self-excited shunt generator fails to build up, because 1. the field circuit is open 2. The armature circuit is open 3. the residual magnetism is absent 4. The direction of rotation is wrong From these, the correct answer is

 1, 3
 3 only
 1, 2 and 3
 1, 2, 3 and 4

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Electrical Machines
The introduction of interpoles in between the main poles improves the performance of a dc machine, because

 the interpoles produce additional flux to augment the developed torque
 the inequality of air-gap flux on the top and bottom halves of the armature is removed
 a counter-emf is induced in the coil undergoing commutation
 the flux waveform is improved with reduction in harmonics

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