Electrical Machines
A self-excited shunt generator fails to build up, because 1. the field circuit is open 2. The armature circuit is open 3. the residual magnetism is absent 4. The direction of rotation is wrong From these, the correct answer is

 1, 3
 1, 2, 3 and 4
 1, 2 and 3
 3 only

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Electrical Machines
Flashing the field of DC generator means

 increasing flux density by adding extra turns of winding.
  creating residual magnetism by a DC source.
  making the magnetic losses forces parallel.
  neutralising residual magnetism.

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Electrical Machines
In a dc generator operating on load with its brushes on the geometrical neutral axis (GNA), the magnetic neutral axis (MNA) is shifted in the direction of rotation. Now, if the brushes are given a lead of 90° (electrical), then the MNA will

 shift forward by 90°
 shift forward by more than 90°
 shift forward by less than 90°
 coincide with the GNA

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