Machine Design
A plate with an elliptical hole in the centre, with semi-major axis (a) perpendicular to the direction of loading and semi-minor axis (b) along the direction of loading, is subjected to a pull P. The maximum stress induced at the edge of the hole is equal to (where σ = Stress for a plate with no hole i.e. nominal stress)

σ [1 + (2a/b)]
σ [1 + (3a/b)]
σ [1 + (b/2a)]
σ [1 + (b/3a)]

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Machine Design
Spring index is

Load required to produce unit deflection
Ratio of coil diameter to wire diameter
Its capability of storing energy
Indication of quality of spring

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