Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Coefficient of contraction is the ratio of

Actual velocity of jet at vena contracta to the theoretical velocity
Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Area of jet at vena-contracta to the area of orifice
Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In a reaction turbine, the draft tube is used

To transport water to downstream
To prevent air to enter the turbine
To increase the head of water by an amount equal to the height of the runner outlet above the tail race
To run the turbine full

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