Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a wholly drowned orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of water (on the upstream side) above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of water (on the downstream side) above the bottom of the orifice, and H = Difference between two water levels on either side of the orifice)

Q = Cd × b (H2 - H1) × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH₁ × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH2 × √(2gh)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Froude number is significant in

Full immersion or completely enclosed flow, as with pipes, aircraft wings, nozzles etc.
All of the listed here
Supersonics, as with projectile and jet propulsion
Simultaneous motion through two fluids where there is a surface of discontinuity, gravity forces, and wave making effect, as with ship's hulls

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Surface tension

Is also known as capillarity
Decreases with fall in temperature
Acts in the plane of the interface normal to any line in the surface
Is a function of the curvature of the interface

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