Workshop Technology
A jolt machine is used to

Produce uniform sand hardness throughout the mould
Ram the sand harder at the back of the mould and softer on the pattern face
Ram the sand harder at the pattern face with decreasing hardness towards the back of the mould
Produce uniform packing of sand in the mould

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Workshop Technology
The purpose of a riser is to

Feed the molten metal to the casting in order to compensate for the shrinkage
Deliver the molten metal from pouring basin to gate
Act as a reservoir for the molten metal
Deliver molten metal into the mould cavity

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Workshop Technology
Piercing is an operation of cutting

A hole (other than cylindrical) in a sheet of metal by the punch and the die
A number of holes evenly spaced in a regular pattern on a sheet of metal
A flat sheet to the desired shape
A cylindrical hole in a sheet of metal by the punch and the die

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Workshop Technology
Extrusion

Is used for reducing the diameter of round bars and tubes by rotating dies which open and close rapidly on the work
Consists of pressing the metal inside a chamber to force it out by high pressure through an orifice which is shaped to provide the desired form of the finished part
Is used to improve fatigue resistance of the metal by setting up compressive stresses in its surface
Is extensively used for making bolts and nuts

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