System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and design is

to identify a top level function an d then create a hierarchy of lower-level modules and components.
to prepare flow charts after programming has been completed
all of the listed here
to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity

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System Analysis and Design
Sequential organization

Stores records sequentially but uses an index to locate records
None of these
means storing records in contiguous blocks according to a key.
uses an index for each key type
has records placed randomly throughout the file

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System Analysis and Design
The black-box concept:

is invoked by describing a system in terms of inputs and outputs, leaving the transformation process a black box.
None of these
All of these
assumes that inputs and outputs will remain stable
assumes that the black box is independent

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