System Analysis and Design
The black-box concept:

None of these
assumes that inputs and outputs will remain stable
is invoked by describing a system in terms of inputs and outputs, leaving the transformation process a black box.
assumes that the black box is independent
All of these

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System Analysis and Design
Sequential organization

None of these
uses an index for each key type
has records placed randomly throughout the file
means storing records in contiguous blocks according to a key.
Stores records sequentially but uses an index to locate records

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