System Analysis and Design
The black-box concept:

assumes that inputs and outputs will remain stable
assumes that the black box is independent
is invoked by describing a system in terms of inputs and outputs, leaving the transformation process a black box.
None of these
All of these

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System Analysis and Design
Data Definition Language (DDL)

specifies for the DBMS what is required; the techniques used to process data
all of the listed here
describes how data are structured in the data base
determine how data must be structured to produce the user's view

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