Machine Design
A flanged pipe joint will be a leak-proof joint, if the circumferential pitch of the bolts is (where d = Diameter of bolt hole)

Equal to inside diameter of pipe
Less than 20d
Greater than 30d
Between 20d and 30d

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Machine Design
Elastic nut is a locking device in which

A slot is cut partly in middle of nut and then slot reduced by tightening a screw
One small nut is tightened over main nut and main nut tightened against smaller one by loosening, creating friction jamming
Through slots are made at top and a cotter pin is passed through these and a hole in the bolt, and cotter pin splitted and bent in reverse direction at other end
Hard fibre or nylon cotter is recessed in the nut and becomes threaded as the nut is stewed on the bolt causing a tight grip

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