Machine Design
A flanged pipe joint will be a leak-proof joint, if the circumferential pitch of the bolts is (where d = Diameter of bolt hole)

Greater than 30d
Less than 20d
Equal to inside diameter of pipe
Between 20d and 30d

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Machine Design
The fatigue stress concentration factor is defined as

The ratio of endurance limit without stress concentration to the endurance limit with stress concentration
The ratio of endurance limit with stress concentration to the endurance limit without stress concentration
All of these
The product of the endurance limits with and without stress concentration

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