System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and and design is

to identify a top level function and then create a hierarchy of lower level modules and components
All of these
to prepare flowcharts after programming has been completed
None of these
to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity.

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System Analysis and Design
The black-box concept:

All of these
assumes that inputs and outputs will remain stable
None of these
is invoked by describing a system in terms of inputs and outputs, leaving the transformation process a black box.
assumes that the black box is independent

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