System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and and design is

to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity.
None of these
to prepare flowcharts after programming has been completed
to identify a top level function and then create a hierarchy of lower level modules and components
All of these

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System Analysis and Design
Indexed-Sequential organization

has records placed randomly throughout the file
stores records sequentially but uses an index to locate records
uses an index for each key type
means storing records in contiguous blocks according to a key

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