System Analysis and Design
A square symbols

identifies data flow
represents a process that transforms incoming data flow(s) into outgoing data flows
defines a source or destination of system data
None of these
is a data store-data at rest, or a temporary repository of data

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System Analysis and Design
The black-box concept:

None of these
assumes that the black box is independent
All of these
is invoked by describing a system in terms of inputs and outputs, leaving the transformation process a black box.
assumes that inputs and outputs will remain stable

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System Analysis and Design
Top-down programming is

a series or group of components that perform one or more operations of a more complex system
a map of the programmer's view of the data
a group of related fields
an approach in which the top module is first tested then program modules are added from the highest level to the lowest level

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