System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and and design is

All of these
to identify a top level function and then create a hierarchy of lower level modules and components
to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity.
None of these
to prepare flowcharts after programming has been completed

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System Analysis and Design
Top-down programming is

an approach in which the top module is first tested then program modules are added from the highest level to the lowest level
a series or group of components that perform one or more operations of a more complex system
a map of the programmer's view of the data
a group of related fields

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