Electrical Machines
In a DC machine the armature mmf is

  rotating with respect to field poles as well as armature.
 rotating with respect to field poles.
  stationary with respect to field poles.
  stationary with respect to armature.

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Electrical Machines
The damper windings also called the squirrel cage windings or damper grids

  both (A) and (B).
  consists of short-circuited copper bars embedded in the field pole faces.
  are provided in a synchronous motor to make it self starting.
  are provided on the stator for improving power factor.

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