Machine Design
A connecting rod should be

Equally strong in buckling about X-axis and Y-axis
Strong in buckling about Y-axis
Any one of the above
Strong in buckling about X-axis

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Machine Design
In the calculation of induced shear stress in helical springs, the Wahl's stress factor is used to take care of

Combined effect of bending stress and curvature of the wire
Combined effect of transverse shear stress and curvature of wire
Combined effect of torsional shear stress and transverse shear stress in the wire
Combined effect of transverse shear stress and bending stress in the wire

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Machine Design
Castle nut is a locking device in which

One smaller nut is tightened over main nut and main nut tightened against smaller one by loosening, creating friction jamming
Through slots are made at top and a cotter pin is passed through these and a hole in the bolt, and cotter pin spitted and bent in reverse direction at other end
A slot is cut partly is middle of nut and then slot reduced by tightening a screw
A hard fibre or nylon cotter is recessed in the nut and becomes threaded as the nut is screwed on the bolt causing a tight grip

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