Electrical Machines
The synchronous motor can be started by

  coupling it with a small AC induction motor called the pony motor.
  any of the above methods.
  providing damper winding in its rotor circuit.
  coupling it with a DC compound motor.

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Electrical Machines
The armature mmf of a DC machine has

  trapezoidal space distribution and is stationary in space.
 stepped distribution and rotates at the speed of armature.
  triangular space distribution and rotates at the speed of armature.
  triangular space distribution and is stationary in space.

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