Machine Design
A closely coiled helical spring is acted upon by an axial force. The maximum shear stress developed in the spring is τ. The half of the length of the spring if cut off and the remaining spring is acted upon by the same axial force. The maximum shear stress in the spring in new condition will be

2 τ
τ
τ/2
4 τ

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Machine Design
The effective stress in wire ropes during normal working is equal to the stress due to

Acceleration/retardation of masses plus stress due to bending
Axial load plus stress due to bending
Axial load plus stress due to acceleration/retardation
Bending plus stress due to acceleration/retardation

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